Identity and mechanism context
SS-31 (elamipretide) is an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide associated with cardiolipin and the inner mitochondrial membrane. Tung et al. (2025) review its structure and proposed mechanisms; this is secondary context.
Primary mitochondrial experiments
Pharaoh et al. (2023) studied aged-animal and isolated-mitochondrial preparations. They reported changes in ADP sensitivity associated with increased transport through the adenine nucleotide translocator. This defined model does not establish the same response in every tissue or clinical condition.
Clinical background and reviews
Thompson et al. (2021) evaluated elamipretide in a randomized trial and open-label extension in people with Barth syndrome. The blinded comparison did not meet its primary endpoints; observations during an open-label extension have different evidentiary limits. This trial in a specific genetic disorder does not establish general catalog efficacy.
Du et al. (2024) and Tung et al. (2025) are reviews of mitochondrial and wider research. They are not additional primary clinical trials.
Limits for the combined preparation
The prepared label specifies SS-31 25 mg plus MOTS-c 25 mg. This article addresses SS-31 only. The cited studies do not evaluate that combined preparation; no blend efficacy, human-use protocol or lot-release conclusion is inferred.
Related
- ss 31 mots c 50mgproduct
References
- Pharaoh G et al. (2023). The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT). [primary; aged-animal and isolated-mitochondrial experiments]PMID: 37462785DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00861-y
- Du X et al. (2024). Application research of novel peptide mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant SS-31 in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. [review; mitochondrial dysfunction research]PMID: 38237649DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101846
- Tung C et al. (2025). Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential. [review; elamipretide structure and mechanism]PMID: 39940712DOI: 10.3390/ijms26030944
- Reid Thompson et al. (2021). A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism [primary; human Barth syndrome randomized trial and open-label extension]DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01006-8
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